Section Three-Test 02 (Stnd 18) V1 MOD

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Stnd 18: Rock Classifications

Geological Forces: Sediment from the mountains is suspended in this flowing river.

Multi-Select Question
Which forces were responsible for breaking down the mountain rock into small pieces of sediment?
(Select 3 of these 5 choices).

a.	Thermal expansion: rocks expand when warmed, contract when cooled
b.	Don’t Select
c.	Refraction: change in direction of wave propagation due to change in medium.
d.	Gravity: makes rain fall on the rocks, makes rocks fall down, makes water flow down
e.	Freeze/Thaw Cycle: When water in cracks in the rocks freezes it expands.

Diagram 01 below displays an igneous rock buried in soil.
Diagram 02 below shows the same rock many years later exposed at ground level.

Diagram 01	Diagram 02

Your teacher asks you to explain how the rock became exposed at the surface and what is likely to happen to the exposed rock.

a.	You describe how heat and pressure can and does change rocks. In this instance you explain how the pressure from below pushed the rock up to the surface.
b.	Don’t Select
c.	You affirm that a geologic process called uplift has moved this rock to the surface. You explain that uplift from tectonic plate movement forms mountain ranges.
d.	You state that weathering from rain and wind has eroded soil to expose this rock. You also mention that this same kind of weathering will in time break off small pieces of this igneous rock which will likewise be transported away as sediment.

Geological Processes: Sediment from the mountains is suspended in this flowing river.

Step 1: Solid rock deep in the earth was heated and liquefied (melted).
Step 2: The liquid rock cooled and solidified. Uplift brought the solid rock to the surface.
Step 3: Weathering and erosion broke off and moved small pieces of this rock into the river.
Which choice most accurately presents the geologic processes described in the steps above.

a.
b.	Don’t Select
c.
d.

Some processes in the rock cycle are described in the chart below.

Example 01: Solid rock underground remains unchanged for millions of years. Then convection currents from deep in the Earth form a huge magma chamber which melts this rock. Some of this magma erupts at the surface as lava and cools back into solid rock.

Example 02: Limestone rock near a tectonic plate boundary is slowly heated and pressurized over millions of years changing this rock into marble.

Example 03: A river flows into the ocean and drops particles of sediment as the flow of water decreases. Over long periods of time, this forms layers of sedimentary rock on the seafloor.

Which classification of rock is being described in example 01 above, and how does this represent stability and change?

a.	Example 01 is describing the formation of igneous rock. The melted rock erupting at the surface represents stability. The rock remaining the same in the ground for millions of years represents change.
b.	Sedimentary rock formation is being described in example 03. Weathering and erosion must occur for long periods of time to keep the river continuously flowing with sediment (stability). Then as the sediment piles up into layers it becomes compacted forming sedimentary rock (change).
c.	Example 01 is describing igneous rock formation. The rock remains the same (stablility) for a long period of time. Then heat from the magma chamber melts the rock which is a phase change (change of state).
d.	Don’t Select

Slowly over millions of years, grains of sand were continuously deposited in layers on the bottom of a shallow sea near two tectonic plate boundaries. Compaction and cementation transformed these layers into sandstone. Later, plate movement uplifted and bent the sandstone layers and changed the sandstone into quartzite.

Cross Cutting Concept:	Science and Engineering Practice
Cause and Effect	Construct Explanations

Two-Part Item
Part 1: What cause and effect connections occurred in this scenario?
Part 2: Explain how the sandstone was changed into quartzite.

a.	Don’t Select
b.	Part 1: Cause-weathering and erosion, Effect-sand particles washed out to sea Part 2: Magma chambers heated and melted the sandstone changing it into quartzite.
c.	Part 1: Cause: first action or event, Effect: second action connected to the first event Part 2: Heat and pressure converted the sandstone into quartzite.
d.	Part 1: Cause-tectonic plate movement, Effect-uplift and bending of sandstone layers Part 2: Pressure from plate movement formed quartzite from sandstone.